Conflict Resolutions, Cultrual Differences Essay Example for Free

Conflict Resolutions, Cultrual Differences Essay The American way of dealing with conflict, according to the article, is arguing. This might not be the best way, and its definitely not the only way. The article serves the purpose of exploring the cultural differences in how others deal with conflict. It provides alternatives and different ideas in how to resolve conflicts, as oppose to arguing. Arguing is a method of dealing with conflict. In the argument culture nearly everything is framed as a battle or game in which winning or losing is the main concern. The pillars of argument rest on this win-lose idea. Argument is expressed through polarized, two sided, debates and battles. The result elicits a winner and a resolved conflict. This method is commonly used in the Western culture in general, and in the United States in particular. It is also used by individuals of Eastern European background, Jewish tradition, and in some Indian cultures. Joanna Repczynski, for example, had an experience in her visit to France. Her host kept initiating a heated intellectual debate over dinner. When Joanna agreed, another argument would be on its way. Another example is Andrea Talarico. When her Italian-American family argues, their voices would raise and objects would be thrown in an intense discussion. Another example is the Japanese woman who is married to a Frenchman. The Frenchman started arguments with his wife. Finally when she argued back, he was overjoyed rather than getting upset. The advantages of arguments are various. In the case of Joanna and her host, the host felt as if arguing would keep things interesting. Agreement was just to boring. Andrea sees advantages to her Italian-American familys style: We always know how each other feels at all times. This is a sign of her familys closeness. The Frenchman was overjoyed that his wife argued back because it was a sign of showing interest and showing respect for each others intelligence. To him disagreement was a sign of a good relationship. There are disadvantages of arguments. It can be upsetting and it can turn violent. The Japanese women found it so upsetting and Andreas family threw objects. For people who arent used to the argument culture,  arguing can come off to be a surprise, confusion, or alarm and be very offensive. The disadvantaged result of an argument or debate is that there is always a loser. Another method of resolving conflict is ritual vituperation. This method works by the means of screaming insults and song lashing. It was created by traditional societies; the rules are culturally agreed upon, which gives this method a ritual context. It is used by Women in Gapun, Papua New Guinea and in traditional Nigerian villages. Women in Gapun Papua New Guinea, when angered by husbands, relatives, or fellow villagers, can erupt in a kros, shouting insults and obscenities loudly enough to be heard all around. The shouter waits near or in her home and waits for her offender to go far enough away. The villagers, then, watch up close as the women shouts. In Nigeria, a very similar method is used, song lashing. It consists of familiar proverbs or original verses that implies insults. Like kros, onlookers also watch. Its different in the way that the target is referred to indirectly. An advantage of this way of managing conflict is that it provides outlets so aggression can be expressed. Its their way of relieving anger. The advantages stem from its ritualized, structured rules. The onlookers role is to prevent any physical violence. The onlookers provide the speaker with the satisfaction of listening. The speaker provides the onlookers with entertainment. Effective song-lashers are admired for their verbal skill. The target is relived of any direct abuse. There are two major disadvantages to this method. The conflict doesnt get resolved and the children in the surrounding area are subjected to this inappropriate verbal aggression. An alternative to the idea of winning or losing is victors without vanquished. This method of dealing with conflict is to honor the winners as well as the losers. There is more emphasis on harmony rather than winner take all. This method is used in the Asian culture and has a historical  significance in Japan. An example of this method is the 1868 Asian revolution. The two sides of the conflict were the supporters of the Western government model and the old, Chinese model. The people who had fought for the old regimen were not punished but invited to join the new government (and most did). The Western supporters won, but the supporters of the traditional, Chinese model maintained their respect and dignity; they were allowed to remain in existence. The main advantage of this method is that the loser gets recognition, retaining a large measure of respect. According to Ben-Ami Shillony, an anthropologist, this method helped Japan avoid disastrous internecine ethnic and religious strife. The advantage of this method is that it resolves conflicts without disastrous escalation. The disadvantage of this method is that social pressure to maintain harmony can actually cause conflict. The actions of people on conflicting sides are altered by the interference of harmony. For example, a person in disagreement with another might want to take action, but the emphasis on harmony might yield that action, which can cause frustration or even anger. Another disadvantage is that in a society that emphasis harmonic competition, competition tends to become more fiercer than in a society where competition is normal. Another way of dealing with conflict is by the use of intermediaries, third parties. This method rests on the idea that community pressure takes the place of direct conflict. This reflects an emphasis on harmony and interdependence. The conflicting sides are dependent on a mediator, or peacemakers to resolve a conflict. This method can be formally ritualized, or informal. This method is used in Asian societies and in many Pacific cultures. An informal example of this method is the use of matchmakers or marriage brokers. Another example is when neighbors pressure a son or a daughter-in-law to stop neglecting a parent or parent-in-law. There are no ritualized rules in these examples, only third parties that take the place  of direct confrontation. The use third parties can be ritualized or formal. For example, the use of standard structures or rules and hierarchical relations to maintain harmony. In the Solomon Islands, faamananataanga is the way that conflicts can be resolved. The event is held over a family dinner, speaking is serious and formal, and the most senior person is the peacemaker, all making this ritualized. In Tannan, a South Pacific island, Conflicts among villagers or between villages are discussed publicly by groups of adult men at special meetings that last all day. The people present are the go-betweens and the most senior people hold hierarchy positions within the group. Rather than resolving the conflict, these meetings are a way of taking part in a joint journey that results in consensus flowing from the interaction of all. They accomplish harmony of the minds and general understanding out of group effort. Another example is the Fijian Indians. They set up committees, third parties, which interview the opponents before a formal meeting called pancayat. The Japanese use a similar method called nemawashi. It rests on the idea that there are two wrongs and now it is right. Neither opponent is blamed as being the only wrong and seriously at fault. An advantage of intermediaries is that they offer the needed apology without the principal losing face and can absorb rejections without taking them personally. In the case of the matchmaker, the groom avoids the risk of rejection from the potential bride. The groom is then saving face, keeping his dignity and pride. Another advantage of using intermediaries is that the third party offers motivation. The third parties also play a role in maintaining peace and help to avoid potential violence. The idea of pancayat and nemawashi seems a much better way of gathering information than forcing people to speak in a high-pressure public event. The committees take the pressure off of the opponents. A disadvantage of using intermediaries is that the third party is placed in potentially unhealthy and inappropriate circumstances. The third parties are subjected to others conflicts, anger and possible violence. The third parties have a chance to get hurt. The cultures that use intermediaries form a dependence on them to handle their disputes. Even some psychologists tend to regard handling your own conflicts is a sign of maturity. The use of third parties can be a sign of interdependence and immaturity. Another idea of resolving conflict is ritualized fighting. The fighting has specific rules and culturally inclinations. This method is the expression of opposition. The opponents do not gage in physical contact, only express it. It is used in Bali, Indonesia and in Tori, Ireland. In Bali, Indonesia ritualized cock fighting is a fundamental way of dealing with conflict. In Tori, Ireland neighborhood street fights are ritualized ways of dealing with conflict. The rules are not in the sense that the players could recount them. They are just normal and taken for granted. The fighters come out in public and threaten each other. Everything about the fight was structured so that the two men could seem eager to exchange blows without ever landing one. No one gets hurt because no physical contact is actually exchanged. Finally, the mothers, or a female relative, of the fighters would break it up. She would implore the fighter to come home and stop fighting. An advantage of this method is that no one gets hurt. The fighters could rely on their kin to restrain them, preventing them from hurting each other. The onlookers, especially the kin take the role of stopping any physical contact. Another advantage is that the fighters provide the audience with entertainment and excitement for both participants and onlookers. The fight also provides outlets for the fighters and a way they can show their manhood and get more respect. These ritualized customs reinforce social bonds and alliances. The interactive part and support of the society helps to bond them closer together. A disadvantage to this method is that if the kin of one, or both, fighters are not present during the fight, physical contact might occur and someone can get hurt. Another disadvantage is that some of the onlookers may be children. The children are then subjected to cursing and threatening. They might look up to the manly fighters and want to mimic them. A major disadvantage of this method is that the conflict does not get resolved. Comparing the argument culture to ritualized methods of dealing with conflict, it seems that arguing overemphasizes winning, loosing and war and sports metaphors. Too much concentration on polarized views and not enough  on harmony that discourages confrontation. The cultural, ritualized rules provide that culture with boundaries, values, and controlled ways to manage conflict. We cannot simply adopt the rituals of another culture, but thinking about them can give us pause and perhaps even ideas for devising our new ways to mange conflict. The article provides insight on many ideas how to manage conflict. These new ideas can influence an individual, perhaps myself, to manage conflict more constructively.

A Freudian Perspective of Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- GCSE English

Macbeth:   A Freudian Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth and Lady Macbeth   We may take as an example of a person who collapses on reaching success, after striving for it with single-minded energy, the figure of Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth. Beforehand there is no hesitation, no sign of any internal conflict in her, no endeavour but that of overcoming the scruples of her ambitious and yet tender-minded husband. She is ready to sacrifice even her womanliness to her murderous intention, without reflecting on the decisive part which this womanliness must play when the question afterwards arises of preserving the aim of her ambition, which has been attained through a crime.    Analytic work has no difficulty in showing us that it is forces of conscience which forbid the subject to gain the long-hoped-for advantage from the fortunate change in reality. It is a difficult task, however, to discover the essence and origin of these judging and punishing trends, which so often surprise us by their existence where we do not expect to find them. For the usual reasons I shall not discuss what we know or conjecture on the point in relation to cases of clinical observation, but in relation to figures which great writers have created from the wealth of their knowledge of the mind. We may take as an example of a person who collapses on reaching success, after striving for it with single-minded energy, the figure of Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth. Beforehand there is no hesitation, no sign of any internal conflict in her, no endeavour but that of overcoming the scruples of her ambitious and yet tender-minded husband. She is ready to sacrifice even her womanliness to her murderous intention, without reflecting on the decisive part which this womanl... ... Die Braut von Messina, III v. Strachey and Tyson (eds.).   Ã‚   Endnote 2 Cf. Macbeth, Act III, sc. I: Upon my head they placed a fruitless crown, And put a barren sceptre in my gripe, Thence to be wrenched with an unlineal hand, No son of mine succeeding ...   Ã‚   Endnote 3 As is Richard III's wooing of Anne beside the bier of the King whom he has murdered.   Ã‚   Endnote 4 Freud had already suggested this in the first edition of The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), Standard Edition, IV 266. Strachey and Tyson (eds.).   Ã‚   Endnote 5 This does not appear to have been published. In a later paper on Macbeth Jekels (1917) barely refers to this theory, apart from quoting the present paragraph. In a still later paper, on The Psychology of Comedy, Jekels (1926) returns to the subject, but again very briefly. Strachey and Tyson (eds.).     

Psychology †Aggression Experiment Essay

Proposal Our investigation focuses on violence in the media and the affects that it has on viewers that watch it, a person’s heart rate can be monitored to see if watching certain films will affect the viewers. We predict that violence in the media does not affect an audience. To support the hypothesis we will conduct an experiment using a sample group of Yr.11 students which attend Westminster school. Three different varied films will be shown for 3 minutes, Educating Rita, Braveheart and Bugsy Malone. During each film heart rates will be taken at the half-way point and the end to get qualitative results. The independent variable in this experiment is the actual violence viewed by the audience and the dependent variable is the heart rate that will be recorded by the participants. The data that is found will be analysed to support the hypothesis, this will be done using graphs. Introduction This SACE approved research program was conducted to investigate the effects of violent and aggressive films on a collection of Year 11 Psychology students. We hypothesize that violence in the media does not affect an audience. To support our hypothesis an experiment was conducted using a class of Year 11 psychology students, where they were exposed to three film clips (Educating Rita, Brave Heart and Bugsy Malone). As the participants viewed these exerts, their heart rates were recorded during and at the conclusion of each clip to determine any changes in heart rate levels. The data that was found and used in this experiment is quantitative data. Our results are displayed in a bar graph using the mean value for each gender. Results Discussion The hypothesis of this experiment was that violence in the media does not affect an audience; this was supported through the results found throughout the duration of the experiment. The results showed little to no change in the viewer’s heart rate while watching the prescribed film exerts: Educating Rita, Braveheart and Bugsy Malone. The exact results are shown in graph 1, which displays the base rate, the heart rate half way through the clip and at the duration of the exert. The graph shows that whilst the participants watched Educating Rita, at the midway point of the clip their heart rate increased by 2bpm which is a mere 1.2%. When the heart rates were tested again at the duration of the clip, the mean value in the participant’s heart rates didn’t change at all. The heart rates taken during the Braveheart clip, show that the majority of participants heart rates actually fell by 3bpm. During the clip taken from Bugsy Malone, the average heart rate at the half way point decreased by 4bmp, but then increased by 6bpm at the duration of the film. Although, this data could have been skewed by two outliers who had very heart rates which may have been the cause of the results increasing. Overall there is not a huge increase of the heart rates after watching each film exert, as the greatest average in change of heart rate was only 6bpm. The difference in the results is so small that wouldn’t be considered as important, so this could also suggest that when violence and comedy are mixed together a greater reaction from the viewers is found. My investigation was really an unrepresentative sample group as it lacked much diversity at all. It consisted of only Year 11 Westminster School students who study psychology, also the group lacked much variety in terms of religion, background and beliefs. To make the experiment more accurate there needed to have been participants from different age groups, cultures and an even balance of the two genders to make the results more accurate and reliable. There were a few particular weaknesses in the experiment that fell under the extraneous variables category; one was that the class might have been anxious and excited about using the heart rate monitors which could have affected the overall results. Also, before the experiment begun the participants were playing with the heart rate monitors and testing them out, which may have enabled people to figure out how to slow and fasten their heart rate. There is a possibility that the participants could have been embarrassed or self-conscious of their results, so when their peers asked or saw their results sheet they may have felt inclined to change their results. During the experiment there were minor ethical issues that could have been handled better. This included confidentiality; participants were given an identification number at the beginning of the experiment, and it was quite easy for other participants to find out others identification numbers, making this a breach of their confidentiality. Another issue that became apparent was the point of voluntary participation. Although each participate did in fact have the option to either participate or not, the researcher suggested that if they did not participate their grades would be put in jeopardy and could inevitably not pass their SACE, or the semester’s worth of work. This definitely placed pressure on the participants to take part in the experiment. The last major ethical issue that arose during the experiment was when each participant was to sign an agreement which said they were willing to take part in the experiment, and if they were under the age of sixteen their parent of legal guardian was to sign on their behalf. At this point, participants asked if they were close to the age of sixteen (ranging from 1 week to 2 months) whether they could sign it themselves. The researcher then said they were happy for them to sign it themselves, and didn’t really mind either way. This is against the rules and rights of the experiment, and the researcher should have made sure that every student under the age of sixteen had their consent for signed by someone who was either a parent of legal guardian. The investigation has accurately met the hypothesis set; violence in the media does not affect an audience. Graph 1 clearly shows the minimal change in heart rates of nearly all the participants besides from negligible outliers. Although, there is a high possibility that the results would be different if the group of participants were selected with more diverse character and personality traits in mind. Nevertheless, I still believe the results are fairly consistent. The only factor that could possibly alter the results if the experiment was to be conducted again, would most likely be the day, time of day that it was undertaken and any underlying distractions to the participants. Words: 850

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